Meet asteroid 1999 RQ36, a chunk of rock and dust about 1,900 feet in diameter that could tell us how the solar system was born, and perhaps, shed light on how life began.
It also might hit us someday.
“This asteroid is a time capsule from before the birth of our solar system,” said Bill Cutlip of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., one of the leaders of Goddard’s effort to propose a mission called OSIRIS-REx that will return a sample from RQ36.
If selected, Goddard will provide overall mission management for OSIRIS-REx, working with the Principal Investigator, Dr. Michael Drake, Director of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, who will lead the OSIRIS-REx team. Lockheed Martin Space Systems will build the spacecraft.
“You can’t underestimate the value of a pristine sample,” Cutlip added. Meteorites, pieces of asteroids that break away and plunge to Earth, are “toasted on their way through Earth’s atmosphere,” Cutlip explained. “Once they land, they then soak up the microbes and chemicals from the environment around them.”
“With a pristine sample – especially one from an asteroid type not available in NASA’s meteorite collections – scientists will learn more about the time before the birth of our solar system, the initial stages of planet formation, and the source of organic compounds available for the origin of life,” said Dr. Joseph Nuth of NASA Goddard, OSIRIS-REx Project Scientist.
Asteroids are leftovers from the cloud of gas and dust – the solar nebula – that collapsed to form our sun and the planets about 4.5 billion years ago. As such, they contain the original material from the solar nebula, which can tell us about the conditions of our solar system’s birth.
In some asteroids, this material got altered by heat and chemical reactions, either because they collided with other asteroids, or because they grew so large that their interiors became molten. That’s what makes RQ36 special. It’s small and appears to have been altered very little, preserving the snapshot of our solar system’s infancy. It’s also rich in carbon, an element used in many of the organic molecules necessary for life. Organic molecules have been found in meteorite and comet samples, indicating that some of life’s ingredients can be created in space. Scientists want to see if they are also present in RQ36.
Sample return, however, isn’t the only objective for the mission. This asteroid crosses Earth orbit, and the International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center has officially classified RQ36 as a “potentially hazardous asteroid,” with a slight chance – one in 1,800 – of an impact in the year 2170.
“We’ll orbit RQ36 for about a year to analyze its surface and select a sample site. This will give us experience with operating spacecraft in the vicinity of an asteroid, experience that will be useful if we ever have to send a mission to deflect one,” said Nuth.
Piloting a spaceship near an asteroid is not easy. Most are lumpy and rotate more rapidly than planets, which makes for challenging landings. These small objects have feeble gravity, so other forces can significantly influence the spacecraft’s position.
“Gravity on this asteroid is so weak, if you were on the surface, held your arm out straight and dropped a rock, it would take about half an hour for it to hit the ground. Pressure from the sun’s radiation and the solar wind on the spacecraft and the solar panels is about 20 percent of the gravitational attraction from RQ36. It will be more like docking than landing,” adds Nuth.
The mission will also help to better track the orbits of asteroids that might hit Earth by accurately measuring the “Yarkovsky effect” for the first time. The Yarkovsky effect is a small push on an asteroid that happens when the asteroid absorbs sunlight and emits heat.
The small push adds up over time, and it is uneven due to an asteroid’s various surface materials, wobble, and rotation. There’s no sure way to predict an Earth-approaching asteroid’s orbit unless you can factor in how the Yarkovsky effect will change that orbit, according to the team. “It’s like trying to make a complex, banking shot in a game of pool with someone shaking the table and kicking the legs,” said Nuth.
“OSIRIS-REx” spells out what the mission will do. “O” stands for the scientific theme, origins, as in the origin of life. “SI” is for spectral interpretation, or taking images of the RQ36 at wavelengths that will reveal its composition. “RI,” or resource identification, is surveying the asteroid for such useful resources as water and metals. “S” stands for security, learning how to predict the detailed motion of Earth-approaching asteroids. REx stands for “Regolith Explorer”. Regolith is a layer of broken-up rock and dust, formed by meteorite impacts, which covers the surface of many asteroids and moons in our solar system.
If approved, the mission will be significantly more capable than the original OSIRIS proposal. “OSIRIS was a basic sample return mission,” says Nuth. “OSIRIS-REx adds more instruments to give us a complete map of the surface composition and 3-D shape, or topography, of the asteroid. It will allow us to put our sample in the proper geologic context, so we’ll have a much better idea of what we’re really sampling,” says Nuth.
Additional instruments include a mass spectrometer, which separates and identifies atoms and molecules based on their weight and electric charge. The mass spectrometer will be built at NASA Goddard.
Two infrared spectrometers will also be added. Infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but we perceive it as heat, and it can be measured by special instruments.
These spectrometers will separate the infrared light into its component “colors,” or wavelengths, like a prism separates white light into a rainbow. Each element and molecule on the asteroid will emit or absorb a unique combination of infrared wavelengths, creating a specific signal in the spectrometer that will be used to identify it.
Goddard will provide one of the spectrometers, the Visible to Near-Infrared spectrometer, and Arizona State University will provide the other, called the OSIRIS Thermal Emission Spectrometer.
The mission will also feature a more precise and accurate LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) instrument. This instrument will bounce laser pulses off the surface of the asteroid to measure its topography. The OSIRIS Laser Altimeter will be provided by MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd., Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, and funded by the Canadian Space Agency.
Once the asteroid has been completely analyzed from orbit, the science team will pick the location to take a sample. OSIRIS-REx will be gradually brought closer to the site, and an arm with a sampling mechanism at the end will be extended to touch the surface and collect the sample.
The sample will be stored in a capsule and returned to Earth, slowing its final descent through the lower atmosphere with a parachute like the successful Stardust capsule that returned samples of comet Wild 2 on January 15, 2006.
“Like the Moon rocks from the Apollo missions, samples of RQ36 will keep on giving. They’ll be analyzed for decades after mission is complete, using new techniques we can’t even imagine now, to test new theories of how we came to be,” said Nuth.
OSIRIS-REx was one of three proposals selected by NASA on December 29, 2009 for more study under its New Frontiers program. NASA Goddard received $3.3 million for a 12-month study to develop the concept in more detail, called the “Phase A Concept Study Effort”.
After the detailed mission concept studies are completed and reviewed, NASA will select one of the three to be built. The selected mission must be ready for launch no later than December 30, 2018 and must not exceed $650 million, excluding the cost of the launch vehicle.
In addition to the two instruments mentioned above, Goddard will also provide overall mission management, systems engineering, and safety and mission
